Shaping, Chaining, and Reinforcement Schedules in Prison Essay

Shaping, Chaining, and Reinforcement Schedules in Prison: A Review Shaping, chaining and reinforcement schedules are learning theories utilized in operant conditioning to change individual behaviors. Shaping involves teaching new behaviors in steps. An individual shapes their behaviors when they are rewarded for closely or perfectly mastering a step in the behaviors modification. Chaining is the links that are made from one step to another in the behavior modification. Reinforcement schedules are the rewards and punishments given when an individual masters or refuses to master a step in the shaping of a behavior. Operant conditioning incorporates the use of shaping, chaining and reinforcing behaviors in order to create a desirable outcome in the behaviors of an individual. Shaping, chaining and reinforcement schedules are utilized in schools, homes, and prisons across the world. In the prison environment they are used to change inmate’s behaviors, and help inmates get ready to reenter society as productive members. Prisons utilize the various steps of operant conditioning to aide in changing all sorts of behaviors including anger management. Shaping and Chaining Shaping and chaining behavior is a key part of the learning theory known as operant conditioning. Operant conditioning Shaping takes place when an individual is rewarded for a acceptable response to a stimulus. In an anger management program an individual would be rewarded for the reaction to anger and the ability to manage anger. An individual would be rewarded for managing anger when presented with stimuli that triggers anger and punished when failing to manage anger when presented with stimuli that trigger anger. At first then inmate might be reward for not becoming physically aggressive when presented with the stimuli that triggers anger. Over time the inmate would not be rewarded unless management is displayed without verbal or physical aggression. The reward for the anger management displayed by inmates would decrease as the management techniques improve. Chaining would occur when the inmate is able to move from one step to another in their ability to manage their anger. Reinforcement Schedules Reinforcement schedules are the rewards and punishments utilized in conjunction with shaping and chaining in operant conditioning of behaviors.  Rewards are utilized to encourage the right responses to stimuli while punishments are utilized to consequence or discourage any responses that are not close to the desired response to a stimulus. As an individual chains the responses and shapes anger management behaviors they are rewarded and learn to utilize anger management in place of old behaviors. The use of rewards is phased out when an individual utilizes the anger management responses instead of the originally responses to stimuli that create anger. Rewards and sanctions are key to shaping any behavior (Carey & Carter, 2009). Literature Review Research shows that the utilization of positive reinforcement in inmates produces positive results in shaping behaviors (Thomas, 2001). According to Fishbein, Sheppard, Hyde, Hubal, Newlin, Serin, Chrousos, & Alesci; â€Å"Executive cognitive functioning and emotional regulation may play a key role in treatment responsively† (2009 p.419). Burdon, St. De Lore & Prendergast report that behaviorally based protocol that involves the systematic application of positive reinforcement following demonstration of a desired behavior in drug treatment programs have proven to promote the shaping of inmate behaviors (2012). â€Å"Although historically sanctions have been used as the primary method to respond to or control offenders’ behavior, research indicates that positive reinforcement should be applied more frequently than negative reinforcement when trying to change behavior† (Carey & Carter, 2009 p.9) Most experts in psychology and criminal justice agree anger is problem atic when it is too frequent, too intense, too prolonged, or managed ineffectively (Smith, Smith & Beckner, 1994). Smith, Smith & Beckner discuss a research study in which anger management workshops were utilized in a women’s correctional facility (1994). In this study women were taught anger management skills over the duration of three sessions (1994). The inmates were taught anger management skills and reported feeling better about themselves and their ability to cope with stimuli that triggers anger (1994). Reinforcement schedules are shown to be more effective in women inmates (1994). Shaping of inmate behaviors in drug treatment programs with the use of reinforcement schedules have been researched and findings have been promising (Burdon, St. De Lore & Prendergast, 2012). The shaping of anger management behaviors in inmates is possible with positive  reinforcement schedules. Inmates do well when positive reinforcements for behaviors are given (Seirn & Hanby, 2009). As Burdon, St. De Lore & Prendergast explains, inmates are constantly being given punishments and acknowledged for the negative behaviors displayed (2009). When punishments are strip away replace with positive reinforcement there is a significant change in the behavi ors exhibited by inmates (Smith & Schweitzer, 2012). Individuals receiving positive attention of behaviors exhibit more positive behaviors to get the attention desired. The same can be said in the prison setting. Individuals need to be taught new ways to deal with anger, and the prison environment offers a unique environment to reshape the very behaviors and beliefs that contributed to an individual being placed in there. Inmates imprisoned for acts of violence due to the lack of anger management skills will only reenter the prison system for the same acts if not taught a different way to cope with stimuli that triggers anger. Implementing anger management skills to inmates with anger management issues would reduce the likelihood of reentry. Shaping and chaining the way in which inmates respond to anger can result in lifelong effective implementation of anger management skills by inmates. Shaping would occur by first helping inmate identify stimuli that triggers anger. Once inmates know what triggers anger, next the teaching of anger management skills can take place. When inmates utilize the anger management skills in place of the natural reaction for situations that trigger anger, rewards would be given. By implementing reinforcements for the utilization of anger management skills inmates learn the acceptable responses to stimuli of anger. The goal would be to effectively shape the anger management skills utilized by inmates without the need for reinforcement. For example, instead of becoming violent, an inmate would walk away. Conclusion The utilization if positive reinforcement schedules have been proven to be effective in prisons across the United States. Anger management programs have not always proven to be successful within prisons. Shaping and chaining of anger can be done within the prison system through the implementation of anger management workshops and reinforcements schedules. Several studies have shown the successes of positive reinforcement with inmates. Combining anger management shaping with reinforcement schedules could prove to  increase the likelihood of success in anger management programs offered to inmates. References Butdon, W., St. De Lore, J., Prendergast, M. (2012). Developing and implementing a positive behavioral reinforcement intervention in prison-based drug treatment: Project BRITE. Journal of Phychoactive Drugs, 7, 40-50 Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429341/ Casey, M., & Carter, M. Center for Effective Public Policy. (2009) Shaping offender behavior. Retrieved from http://www.cepp.com/documents/Shaping%20Offender%20Behavior.pdf Fishbein, D., Sheppard, M., Hyde, C., Hubal, R., Newlin, D., Serin, R., Chrousos, G., & Alesci, S. (2009). Deficits in behavioral inhibition predict treatment engagement in prison inmates. Law and Human Behavior, 33(5), 419-35. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10979-008-9163-7 Serin, R., Hanby, L. Correctional Service Canada. (2009). Offender incentive and behavioural management. Retrieved from http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/research/005008-0214-01-eng.shtml strategies. Smith, P. & Schweitzer, M. (2012). The therapeutic prison. Journal of Con temporary Criminal Justice, 28(1), 7-22. doi: 10.1177/1043986211432201 Thomas, S. P. (2001). Teaching healthy anger management. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 37(2), 41-8. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/200754284?accountid=458

Lord of the Flies †Break Down of Society Essay

Civilization is the key to keeping society in order. If many individuals lose this civilized state, the society they are in begins to break down. Ralph, Simon, and Jack are the major problems with the breakdown of their society. Anything done in a community, whether it is multiple actions or nothing at all, can change it for better or for worse. Firstly, Simon is inactive in the social order of the boys and isolates himself from them. Secondly, Ralph has attained leadership over everyone which sets Jack’s leadership off. Ralph tries to bring order to the island which in turn causes a breakdown and defect of a group of boys. Lastly, Jack is the main point that caused their society to breakdown. One of the bigger – but not the biggest – problems in a social order breakdown is people who do not take part in the control. Simon does not part take in the actions and feud between Ralph and Jack in order to feel that he is not part of it. During the day, arguments usually happen. This is when Simon isolates himself in what he calls his â€Å"mat of creepers† (160). He roams around at night causing paranoia among the boys as he appears to be the beast. This activeness at night is to achieve a feeling that he is not changing the society that is trying to be made. When Simon does try to bring forth information and help them, he was killed by the savage boys – â€Å"he was murdered† (172) as said by Ralph. This is the first human-related death on Jack’s behalf, the one death that is leading the boys on the island into savagery and a major loss of their civilized state of mind. However, even someone’s leadership can cause people to break from a group and bring downfall to the whole group. Ralph’s leadership style is one that one boy on the island did not agree with. This caused him to defect from the group and form his own society. Ralph leads with a democratic manner – with safety and rescue – whereas Jack leads with a dictatorship style – with hunting and having everything go his way. When Jack goes, all the boys follow, and this leaves Ralph with nothing forcing him to leave his civilized manner and do what he can to survive. The society is broken when the â€Å"savages† (as they are called â€Å"when Ralph stared into the savages eyes† on page 220) start to hunt for a human-being instead of a pig. With people who bring the evil ways of living into a civilized group of people, they turn and lose that civilized manner. Jack represents the evil side of mankind. Jack leads with the way of survival, not rescue. He has lots of power because he instills fear within the boys which allows him to control them. Jack and his hunters do not want to feel guilt for this way of leading or even for the killing. The boys do this by â€Å"painting their faces so they wouldn’t see† (59). This is referring to them not wanting their conscience to see that they are slowing bringing their society to a breaking point. When Jack kills the first pig, he feels a sense of pride and accomplishment. This causes him to lose part of his civilized state to further progress this killing. He then kills a sow with piglets and then a human being – Simon. This killing spree has caused Jack to completed lose his civilized state and is able to hunt Ralph – another human being – without putting any face paint on at all. He then has the ability to kill without feeling guilt or remorse. Societies that face dystopia in their worst time will start to become dismembered and break apart. Anyone can break from society and cause it to come crashing down. Simon managed to by imputing nothing and furthering Jack’s feeling of completion, Ralph did by being a good leader and pushing Jack away to his own society and Jack did by losing his civilized manner to become a savage. Whether the breakdown is caused by someone being really good, really bad, or even in between, anything and anyone can destroy a society with a simple little action.

Annotated Bibilograpy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Annotated Bibilograpy - Essay Example ducing the person’s core temperature to 32–34 °C  by using a cooling device after resuscitation; and this normally termed as therapeutic hypothermia or protective hypothermia. The study by Nolan et al (2003) reflects how therapeutic hypothermia has been helpful since 1950s in preventing global ischemia during open-heart surgeries. The paper has performed a detailed study of the recently published results of some randomized trials  which â€Å"compared mild hypothermia with normothermia in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest† (Nolan et al, 2003). According to their findings, both Australian hypothermia group and European hypothermia group (the subjects for the research) had favorable neurological outcomes. The authors point out the alarming statistics of death caused by cardiac arrest in the United States every year. The paper also identifies cardiac arrest as a potential cause for neurologic injury. By stating the intensity of the issue, the article highlights the significance of therapeutic hypothermia in improving the above said statistics. The article clearly describes what therapeutic hypothermia is and the situation when it is induced using invasive means. Further parts of the article discuss how cardiac arrest can cause neurologic deficits and what ways therapeutic hypothermia helps to overcome the risk. The article is really a reference guide for a person who learns various phases of the therapeutic hypothermia. This article also explores the history and reliability of supportive research for the use of inducing mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest. The study reflects that among the patients who survive an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, 10 to 30% will have permanent brain damage. As the writer indicates, the study as a whole intends â€Å"to provide an overview of the pathophysiology and research that support the use of induced mild hypothermia† (McKean, 2009). In other words, the work develops a ‘protocol for induced hypothermia

Learning disability Nurse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning disability Nurse - Essay Example It can also be a lifelong condition (Health Grades Inc, 2009) However, in 19th and 20th centuries, several institutions have been developed to address the health care needs of people with LD and this became the period of moral awakening in the area for better care and treatment for â€Å"special persons†. In 1996, The UK National Health Service Executive formulated a sequence of markers for six (6) medium term priorities, in order to integrate the efforts among service providers, health authorities, general practitioners and regional offices (UK National Health Service Executive, 1996). Within the United Kingdom (Department of Health, 2001), the term â€Å"mental handicap† was changed in the early 1990s; thereby calling it as the â€Å"learning disabilities† and does not embrace specific learning difficulties like dyslexia, dyspraxia, as well as other related learning difficulties. The same term is used within nursing services. The said term is directly analogous to the terms â€Å"intellectual disabilities† or â₠¬Å"mental retardation† that is utilized in the United States of America.   In United Kingdom, community care is widely recognized as superior to that of the institutions (Emerson & Hatton 1994). People’s support to learning disability is very strong and not only viewed as a professional activity for nurses. In fact, practitioners who are working within the UK learning disability services operate amidst a range of agencies such as public; not for profit; and the private institutions. The National Health Service (NHS), together with their nurses and social workers represent the public sector health care team. In particular, the institution was able to operate for several years according to team settings in the community. In the same manner, Community Mental Handicap Teams, in which name was replaced as Community Learning Disability Teams (McGrath & Humphreys 1988),

Chapter 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Chapter 8 - Essay Example The author here is asserting that, from the time we enter this world, none of us has the guarantee of leading a life free from suffering. Suffering and pain do not discriminate between the rich and the poor, the powerful and the common man, young and old, or male and female. However, Kushner also gives hope to his readers by stating that at least we can have faith in a higher power that provides us with the strength and courage we require to bear the numerous challenges and obstacles that life is constantly throwing at us. In my career as a nurse, I constantly encounter patients suffering from various incurable diseases or devastating injuries, which make many of them, lose the motivation to continue pushing on with their lives. Many of them slide into depression, and just as many develop suicidal tendencies. Empowerment and support provision are two essential nursing concepts which enable nurses to provide patients with the desire to persevere through their challenges, and to acquire the urge to live a normal life once again. A nurse is the most accessible healthcare professional that patients can access in a healthcare setting which has the capacity to cater to terminally ill patients. Therefore, the nurse has to be someone that terminally ill patients can obtain inspiration from when they have lost hope of recovering. Many patients belong to a mainstream religion, which could be Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, or other little known religions. Thus, when afflicted with incurable diseases or those that are difficult to cure, they tend to turn to their religious beliefs in search of faith healing. A nurse can do a lot to relieve them from their suffering by reinforcing their religious beliefs and assuring them that suffering does not choose its victims but rather, it is God’s will and purpose. As Kushner asserts, the various ways through which God works are beyond human understanding, but through faith, we believe that all of it is

Nonprofit Evaluation Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nonprofit Evaluation Questions - Assignment Example Triangulation however eliminates effect of chance observations while evaluation of rival opinions develops credibility of a researcher’s findings (Montello and Sutton, 2006; Woodside, 2008). Some of the areas of evaluation that requires honesty and integrity are identification of the nature of relationship between variables, determination of the best model of fit and identification of possible variations from the best model. Both honesty and integrity influences an evaluator’s decision on whether to communicate exact observations or exercise bias in the areas of evaluation. Exercising honesty and integrity however ensures communication of the exact relationship between the variables, accurate determination, and implementation of the model of best fit as well as accurate communication of identified noise and noise factors. These initiatives facilitate validity and reliability of research results and conclusions (Montello and Sutton, 2006). An example of an abstract concept of evaluation, in my organization’s environment, is low staff morale with respect to staffs’ faculty. Staff morale refers to the level of confidence or motivation among employees and can be evaluated using qualitative research methods (Montello and Sutton, 2006). The best sampling approach when a researcher has access to the entire population is stratified random sampling. The approach considers differences in characteristics among groups of the population to reflect strata features in results and conclusions besides reducing unit costs in data collection. â€Å"Non probability convenience sampling† however, is the most appropriate in cases where the subjects are hard to find as the technique is guided by the research questions (Biber, 2010, p. 50). The best approach to collecting sensitive data is through developing the participant’s trust. This is because winning the participants’ confidence that the

Internet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Internet - Research Paper Example Rather it takes few seconds to draft a mail, get real time updates on employee performance, fetching financial information, etc. It has led to process automation. In other words it has become the most important resource in an organization. In the advent of globalization where organizations conduct business across a host of nations either through transnational or multinational entity, internet has become the most critical resource. Trade facilitation would not have been much effective had there been no internet. This has not only led to expedition of business processes, but it has simultaneously reduced the cost of operations. Organizations only incur the initial cost of setting up the process, but the long run cost of business is significantly reduced. Earlier organizations would incur significant printing charges, postal charges, high manpower cost, etc which has been almost reduced to zero or has become negligible after the implementation of internet. With growing competition, organizations want to enjoy competitive advantage and be on the top. This requires it to reduce its cost in order to earn higher profits. Internet has led the technological innovation in businesses around the globe. Organizational effectiveness and efficiency refers to the achievement of targets and objectives in less time and with optimum utilization of resources. Resources are limited and cannot be utilized in full capacity to meet strategic organizational goals. To ensure business sustainability, internet has become the most critical medium why organizations use it to run its business operations. It has become the most innovative medium through which information is communicated. It refers to the transmission of information and communication through electronic channel. Data and information has become the medium of exchange and might replace money in

Transcendentalim and Walden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Transcendentalim and Walden - Essay Example This section analyses Thoreau’s experience in the woods, his connection with nature and his journey to self-awareness. These themes and elements of transcendentalism are strengthened by the use of figures of speech, diction and tone. Thoreau alludes to various aspects of life, and philosophy to strengthen his case. This section restates the concept of transcendentalism, the elements that exemplify it, and the values that Thoreau seeks to teach his audience. The lessons to be learnt from Thoreau’s Walden are the concepts of free thought, individualism, self-reliance, and self-awareness and non-conformity in a bid to search for the true meaning of life. It should be highlighted, however, that people’s truths are different, and one should go on a personal journey of free spirited thought in order to find and live their own truth. People should speak their truths, as they live it. Walden is a book that Henry Thoreau uses to not only exemplify his beliefs, but those of transcendentalism. The book depicts transcendentalism as being a progressive movement towards individualism, self-reliance, education and people’s rights; one also concludes that transcendentalists are critical of social institutions, the government, religion, laws and creeping industrialization. One of the most important teachings that Henry Thoreau seeks to teach his audience, and that many people can pick up is that it is better for person to live frankly and openly as who they are, than to live as society or other external forces oblige one to live. People should learn to speak their truth, that which they have learnt for themselves and not that which they have been taught to accept as true; people should learn from the abundance of the universe and from the depths of their existence so as to be able to speak the truth as one lives it. An intelligent reader should be able to derive that

Scope of Practice of Assistant Practitioners Essay Example for Free

Scope of Practice of Assistant Practitioners Essay 1.1 Profession Radiographer 1.2 CPD number FORMTEXT CPD1234 2. Summary of recent work/practice My role as a radiographer practitioner comprises all the necessary information to practice my future profession. For instance, through the various lessons that I have studied so far, I have learned all the theory that a professional radiographer should know and I can link theory to practice. Moreover, I am able to work in a team and support my teammates in order to achieve better results. I worked in busy hours at the hospital and I gained the ability to manage workload. As a student radiographer, I became comfortable handling all the equipment in the radiology department of the hospital, which was achieved through the internship offered to us at the hospital as students. I gained wide experience in different modalities such as Mammography, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, DEXA, and Ultrasound. I have learned to correctly position the patient for any examination they need without the help of my supervisor. I also learned to use all radiography equipment safely by following the protocols needed. I learned the importance and the usage of contrast agent in various examinations in order to provide the right images to doctors for best diagnosis. Through my practice, I have acquired the ability to work independently and without supervision. Practical experience gives me a great opportunity to be prepared and understand my role as a future radiographer but also gave me the opportunity to work and collaborate with professionals and learn from their knowledge. I can communicate with patients, colleagues, and hospital doctors, as well as managing situations involving children. I had the opportunity to deal with people of various nationalities and different religions and I know the importance of respect in our field. I am able to communicate with routine patients, seriously ill patien ts and the staff of the hospital. I know all the protocols and rules of the radiology department in Cyprus. Also, through the nursing procedures lesson, I learned various and useful information in order to deal with different situations that I might face as the radiographer. Furthermore, I have learned where all the necessary equipment is placed for my own protection, but also for the patients. I know how the various trash bins in the radiology department are used such as the hazardous trash bins, as well as knowing how to properly protect myself from various illnesses that patients may have, but also how to properly clean and disinfect the area to prevent infection of other patients from infected patients. 3. Personal statement 3.1 Reflection The Gibbs Reflective Cycle is critical for our profession. It is a powerful tool for reflection after a critical incident that had significant positive or negative impact on me. Learning by practice (Gibbs, 1988) is essential for healthcare professionals and students. I use the Gibbs Cycle in order to overcome situations that generally do not have a good outcome. The chosen reflective cycle is using 5 stages that helped me to enhance my attitude and my critical thinking on quotidian activities (Clouder, 2000). Reflective cycle practically speaking is an ongoing education that is fundamental in learning process for me and for any student to build up the essential aptitudes and clinical thinking (Sladyk, 2001). Most healthcare professionals begin utilizing reflecting cycles in order to improve their skills and behavior for better results. Additionally, reflective cycle helped me to perceive my weaknesses and strengths in any circumstances and helped me to improve my knowledge in order to cope correctly in future. Reflecting cycles are very important and beneficial for my practice as they enable me to look at my practice and see what I would change and make it better in the future in order to improve my practice because my actions can benefit the patients an d me (Standard 3 and 4). Below, I will describe an incident that happened on an evening shift in Larnaca General Hospital and I realized how effective the Gibbs Reflective Cycle was for me. Gibbs reflective cycle consists of six stages, the first is the description of the incident (appendix 1). The second step is an analysis of the feelings I was shocked that the nurse did not use gloves or use alcohol prior touching the patient especially with the protocols and infection control guidelines everywhere in the department. I did not want to make her feel bad or uncomfortable but this is very important in order prevent infections. After the incident, she justified her actions by saying that she was in a rush and she forgot to do the correct procedure but she will not do that mistake again. The third step is evaluating this event was a good lesson for her in order to make her start using the protocols and guidelines and she responded positively to what my supervisor and other doctors told her. The fourth step is an analysis of the experience It is fact that hand hygiene is the most effective way to prevent infections at hospitals (Ltourneau, Alderson and Leibing, 2017). The cornerstone of infection prevention and control practices is the hand hygiene and can distinctly diminish hospital infections. Despite that, evidence showed that medical doctors and nurses demonstrate poor conformity (Kingston et al., 2017). As indicated by late reports from the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, healthcare staff dont clean their hands as frequently as they ought to (CDC, 2016). The fifth step is the conclusion I understand that I need to support my colleagues even if I am not a nurse but if I see something that puts patients and us at risk I should mention it immediately in order to prevent worst situations. The sixth step is the action plan my action plan is to try to improve and develop my skills when I work with my colleagues to ensure the health and safety of the patients and I will make this a learning goal and I will discuss some strategies for how I can achieve that with my mentor. (Standard 3). 3.2 Medico-Legal Aspects Through medico-legal aspects, I realized the significance of confidentiality. It is very important in our area to have confidentiality between healthcare professionals and patients. For instance, there must be medical confidentiality and I cannot talk about, or discuss anything that has to do with a patient along with other colleagues or any other individuals. The only way this can be done is with the patients written consent or in cases of rape or abuse (Burris, 1995). I comprehend that I have legal and moral responsibility to protect the privacy of the patients unless the release of those data is required by law. Something else that is critical, is that occasionally there are patients who need medical help but they refuse it for their own reasons, for example, a justifiable reason is a religion. It is my duty to respect it, even if this can lead to the death of the patient. Furthermore, it is my task to inform the patient about the consequences of his choice and at the end, if he/she accept the treatment, I have to take his / her written consent and then proceed. Moreover, I recognize that all patients have the same rights and I cannot behave differently for each patient (Taylor, 2000). Therefore, I have to provide, equally to everyone, the best quality of service, it doesnt matter if someone is poor or rich. One of the principles incorporated in healthcare human rights is that healthcare must be accessible to anyone without discrimination concerning age, sex, race, disability, income or social status. Something very important in our field is that the patient must be able to make decisions about his or her health and that we cannot take decisions for them. In the economic field, it should be mentioned, that patients must be informed about the fees and charges of their treatm ent before accepting it and thus be able to choose what they consider to be the best for them (Hong, 2009). Medico-legal aspects are essential and must be followed for the patients safety, our own, but also the proper functioning of the hospital. (Standard 3 and 4). 3.3 Clinical Governance Trough clinical governance classes I realized the importance of clinical governance in healthcare areas. Clinical governance is defined as the system through which NHS organizations are accountable for continuously improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care, by creating an environment in which clinical excellence will flourish (Scally and Donaldson, 1998). Clinical governance is very important as its role is to improve the safety and quality of the patients care. It is very important in order to achieve high standards in healthcare and this involves clinical and self-governance but also the management of resources. The components of clinical governance are very important in order to achieve what clinical governance aims to achieve. For example, some of the components of clinical governance is identifying the clinical risks of the patients and staff, also is maintaining the capacity and capability to deliver services and ensures the quality of the patients care. Through clinical governance, here are seven fields of activity which are utilized to ensure we convey the best quality healthcare to our patients and they are as following Risk Management, Staff Management, Clinical Audit, Education Training, Clinical Information, Clinical Effectiveness and Service Users, Carers General Public (Standard 3 and 4). There are many agencies that act as advisors in order to ensure clinical governance such as NICE, HCPC and SCoR, NPSA, ICRP and many other. I can say that clinical governance is applied in Larnaca General Hospital as through the two years that I am doing my training I saw many good changes in our department. For example, many times radiographers were sent to seminars about new methods of examinations that are better for patients and for us, also I know that in Larnaca General Hospital we have a very good mammography that other hospitals do not have yet. Furthermore, we have people that coming very often to check the equipment it is in a good condition and if is working correctly in order to ensure our safety but also the patients safety. Clinical Governance is very important and must be implemented in every hospital for the best of all, patients and staff. (Standard 3 and 4). 3.4 Manual Handling The Manual Handling Operations Regulations (MHOR) characterized the manual handling as any move or support of any onus by bodily force or by hand and this includes lifting, pushing, putting down or pulling anything (MHOR, 2016). I recognise the importance of manual handling in our sector as the failing of correct manual handling is increasing the risk of injury during a task. It is very important because poor handling and moving practice can lead to harm of individual being moved and employee, also it can lead to musculoskeletal disorders or back pain and as a final result the inability to work (Nolan et al., 2017). I recognize the importance to adhere to the right rules for our own but also the patients health. Some principles of manual handling are among others, the following, ensure that the object is sufficiently light for lifting it, heavy ought should be moved utilizing a handling aid, ensure that the route is clear of impediments, ensure there is some place to put the load down wherever you need to take it, it is also very important to be as close to the onus as possible, utilize the legs to lift anything and in a smooth movement and something else very important is to avoid twisting our body because this can cause knee or spine injuries by the years or instantly (Swiatczak, 1992) (Nolan et al., 2017). Through this lesson I learned the manual handling rules and that the dangers of incorrect manual handling are a lot. It is very important to have a good ergonomics in a workplace in order to avoid any injuries that have to do with weight lifting and it does not matter if is light or heavyweight because if it is repeated with wrong manual handling can cause problems. (Johnstone and Owen, 2017) (Standard 3). 3.5 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is very important in our area as cardiac arrest can happen anywhere and anytime. According to American Heart Association, nearly 52,000 cardiac arrests occur in hospitals annually in America. It is very important for us to be trained on CPR because it might happen in Radiology Department and we should know how to face such incidents in order to save someones life. Through CPR lessons and Nursing Care Procedures that I did during my studies I learned the right procedures for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in order to save someones life. The time margin to respond in such cases is very small since the brain only needs six minutes without oxygenated blood to die, and in these cases time counts. With CPR we can avoid brain injury but even death. The sooner we act, the patient has more chances to live without any problem. There are some steps before CPR, and must be followed strictly. The first step is to make sure that the scene is safe for us and then to proceed, the second step is to call 112 for assistance, the third step is to open the airway by tilting the head back in order to lift the chin, the fourth step is to check for breathing no more than 10 seconds and if there is no breathing we can start CPR. The CPR steps are as following place our hands in the middle of the chest one on top of the other and use our body weight for compressions for at least 2 inches deep and at a rate of 100/m, after the 30 chest compressions we need to deliver two rescue breaths and then we need to repeat that until a trained medical responder arrive on scene or the patient starts breathing (American Red Cross, 2017). I faced an incident were I had to make CPR in order to keep a man in life until the ambulance came. No one on the scene knew how to provide CPR and it was my first time that I did that, I was scared but I knew what to do and how to do it correct and this is very important. The only thing that went w rong is that I broke one of his ribs but I believe that is better from letting him die. This man now is alive because of me and this is a very good feeling. (Standard 3 and 4). 3.6 Mentoring Mentoring is a mutual relationship in which mentor and mentee use experiential and reflective learning methods in order develop attitudes, knowledge and new skills. Critical thinking methods and reflective thinking are created through dialogue with my mentor with whom I share knowledge and experiences of our field. The role of my mentor in those three years of studies was very important to me, she always advised me, guided me and gave me feedbacks. My mentor is very good at encouraging me to do new things and to supporting me and what I believe. She helped me several times by recommending books or other learning tools in order to help me with my personal development or in order to help me with my projects. She is a very good listener and he has a lot of patience. She is very honest and sometimes providing tough feedbacks in order to make me move forward. I would not want to change anything on my mentor, our cooperation so far has always been flawless until now and she a lways willing to help in what I need. 4. Summary of supporting evidence submitted.

Interpreter turns Essay Example for Free

Interpreter turns Essay One consequence of using an explicit utterance to stop Ð ° speaker is that an interpreter takes Ð ° turn to do so. Saying wait-Ð °-minute (or holdyour-turn) is not Ð ° turn initiated by Ð ° primary speaker. In managing discourse flow, interpreter’s become turn-taking participants to direct and allocate turns to the primary speakers. This is Ð ° kind of turn-taking that interpreters do. In this section, however, І describe two other kinds of turns taken by the Interpreter during this meeting. One kind of turn is to offer Ð ° turn; both of these are directed at the Student. The second kind of turn is an independent turn in which the Interpreter beckons the Student to say something. Offering Turns Offering Ð ° turn generally happens when Ð ° speaker has made an attempt to say something. In this first example, the Professor has the answering machine on, and the recording is playing. During that talk, the Professor turns and says, Sorry to the Student and turns back to look at the machine. The Student receives that interpretation, turns to look at the Professor, and brings up his hands as if to speak, but changes his mind. In ASL, this can be likened to someone saying, uhm and then saying never mind. As the Students hands go down, the Interpreter leans forward toward the Student, extends an open palm, and raises his eyebrows which in ASL signal Ð ° question. Although the Interpreter does not actually execute any sign (Ð ° grammatical unit), his gesture means, Do you want to say something? When the Interpreter offers the opportunity for the Student to take Ð ° turn, the Student refuses, and his hands lower, then the Interpreter returns to interpreting the answering machine so that the Student will know that the machine problem continues, Knowing that one primary participant is preoccupied and that people can work Ð ° machine and talk at the same time, it is reasonable to offer the Student an opportunity to say something. In the next example, again the Interpreter offers Ð ° turn to the Student. The Professor has just offered Ð ° final solution to the problem of when the Student should turn in his transcript. She has suggested that he make copies to pass out the next week to be included with the copies she will make of transcripts that is turned in today. As this portion winds down, both begin to utter short responses like ok and good. After the Student says WELL which could mean he thought of something to say, the Interpreter gesturesÐ ° slight lean forward, an open palm extended toward the Student, and eyebrows rose, as if to say Do you want to say something? Again, the Interpreter offers Ð ° conversational opening for the Student as if to say is there anything else you want to say? Again, the Student does not have Ð ° question or Ð ° content message so he just says, knowing that this topic is coming to an end, thats fine. What is interesting about offering Ð ° turn is that the Interpreter must take Ð ° turn to offer Ð ° turn. Both taking Ð ° turn and offering Ð ° turn are indicative of the complex nature of an interpreters involvement in the communicative process of an interpreted event. The Interpreters participation in the flow of discourse supports the findings of Berk-Seligson (199o), Metzger (1995), Wadensjo (1992, 1998), and others, suggesting that the nature of an interpreters rights and obligations bear intensive, continued study When, in other situations, do interpreter’s offer turns? And, how do interpreters know when to offer turns? Taking Ð ° Turn This segment is, perhaps, the most significant extract of talk from the entire meeting. Within this span, the Interpreter intervenes to beckon the Student to say something. This activity in the discourse process marks the potential breadth and scope of an interpreters ability to influence both the direction and outcome of this event. These decisions, more than any other, are indications of experience and the accumulated knowledge of how these social scenes should play out so that all participants experience an outcome that is satisfactory. This segment becomes Ð ° negotiation between Professor and Student, as the discussion of linguistic features in the transcript comes to an end, the Student asks if he should revise the transcript for next weeks class. The Professor wanted it today (Wednesday) but asks the Student if he could have it ready the following Monday. The Student told the Professor previously that he would be out of town for the weekend giving Ð ° presentation, implying that he cannot have it ready for Monday. The Student repeats this information, and the conversation comes to Ð ° halt. At this point, the Interpreter leans forward and executes Ð ° beckoning gesture to the Student. The Interpreter urges the Student to say something. When the Professor asks if the Student could give her transcript by Monday, the Student says, І get back from Rochester Sunday and stops talking, the Professor says ok and uhm and looks at the floor. The Interpreter already knows that the Student has said the wrong thing because the Interpreters uh as the Professor says ok is not Ð ° rendering of anyones talk, and he opens the possibility that there is more to be said. And, in fact, the Interpreter does not interpret what the Professor says; rather he leans forward and with Ð ° gesture bids the Student to talk. Right on cue, the Student does; he offers Ð ° solution: How bout Wednesday morning before class? The Interpreter, recognizing that, typically, American student’s do not tell professors no either directly or indirectly when asked to turn in an assignment, prompts the Student to say more, In so doing, the Interpreter takes Ð ° self-motivated turn and influences the outcome of this interaction. Practicing interpreters might suggest that this action by the Interpreter violates professional codes of conductthose concerned with interfering in Ð ° situation. But І would argue that the Interpreter has instead followed the first commandment of any interpreting code of conductto interpret the spirit and intent of Ð ° message. The Interpreter, knowing that the Student may not know or may not always be able to apply appropriate ways of speaking in these situations, has assisted the Student in behaving appropriately during this interaction. The Student spent all his academic years, up until now, in educational institutions geared toward Deaf persons, Ð ° state school for the Deaf and Gallaudet University, the only Liberal Arts University for the Deaf in the world. Although everyone he has encountered may not have known how to use ASL, theyve accommodated Deaf ways of speaking or have presented skewed versions of ways of speaking and behaving in traditional American institutions. As sociolinguists have argued, many ethnicities in the United States maintain their own ways of speaking and do not flourish in American mainstream situations. That interpreters offer turns and even take turns of their own alters the direction and perhaps even the outcome of interpreted conversational exchanges. The nature of this activity has only recently begun to be studied and, obviously, demands further study.